很多家长问我：小学英语语法那么多，孩子到底要掌握哪些？
今天把小学阶段所有核心语法点整理成了这一篇，一共 25 个板块，从最基础的26个字母，到16种时态、句子成分、被动语态，全覆盖。
建议收藏这篇，让孩子每天背一块，7天就能过一遍。
一、基础篇
1. 26个英文字母
Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm
Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz
2. 10种单词词性
| 词性 | 缩写 | 作用 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 名词 | n. | 人和事物的名称 | apple, pen |
| 动词 | v. | 动作/状态 | smile, finish |
| 形容词 | adj. | 修饰名词，表特征 | good, short |
| 副词 | adv. | 修饰动词/形容词 | now, quickly |
| 代词 | pron. | 代替名词 | he, them |
| 冠词 | art. | 用在名词前 | a, an, the |
| 数词 | num. | 数量/顺序 | one, first |
| 介词 | prep. | 名/代词前表关系 | in, on, at |
| 连词 | conj. | 连接词/句子 | and, but |
| 感叹词 | int. | 表达感情口气 | oh, wow |
二、词法篇
3. 10种代词
| 类别 | 例词 |
|---|---|
| 人称代词（主格） | I, you, he, she, it, we, they |
| 人称代词（宾格） | me, you, him, her, it, us, them |
| 物主代词（形容词性） | my, your, his, her, its, our, their |
| 物主代词（名词性） | mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs |
| 指示代词 | this, that, these, those |
| 反身代词 | myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves, themselves |
| 疑问代词 | who, whom, whose, what, which |
| 不定代词 | some, many, both, any, few, little |
| 关系代词 | who, whom, whose, which, that（引导定语从句） |
| 相互代词 | each other, one another |
4. 20个疑问词
| 疑问词 | 问什么 | 疑问词 | 问什么 |
|---|---|---|---|
| what | 什么 | whose | 谁的 |
| who | 是谁 | when | 什么时候 |
| where | 哪里 | where | 哪里 |
| which | 哪个 | what color | 什么颜色 |
| why | 为什么 | what time | 几点 |
| how | 怎样 | what day | 星期几 |
| how old | 多大（年龄） | how many | 多少（可数） |
| how much | 多少钱/多少（不可数） | how long | 多长/多久 |
| how tall | 多高 | how big | 多大 |
| how heavy | 多重 | how often | 多频繁 |
5. 名词
- 可数名词：有单复数，a book → two books
- 复数规则：一般加-s；s/x/ch/sh结尾加-es；辅音+y变i加-es；f/fe变ves
- 不规则复数：man→men, woman→women, child→children, foot→feet, tooth→teeth
- 不可数名词：water, milk, rice, bread；数量用 a glass of / two pieces of
- 所有格：Tom's book; my parents' room; children's toys
易错：There is some bread. 不能说 a bread。
6. 冠词
- a：用于辅音音素前，a dog, a university
- an：用于元音音素前，an apple, an hour
- the：特指、双方都知道、再次提到、独一无二：the sun, the book on the desk
- 零冠词：play football, have breakfast, by bus, at school
易错：看发音不看字母，an hour 但 a useful book。
7. 数词
- 基数词（表数量）：one, twelve, twenty-one, one hundred
- 序数词（表顺序）：first, second, third；其余多加-th；five→fifth, nine→ninth, twelve→twelfth
- 日期时间：May 1st; six o'clock, half past seven, a quarter to eight
易错：hundred前有具体数字不加-s；hundreds of 表示"数百"。
8. 介词
| 类别 | 用法 | 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 时间 | at+时刻；on+具体某天；in+年/月/季节 | at 7:00, on Monday, in May |
| 地点 | in里面, on上面, under下面, behind后面, between两者之间, among三者以上 | in the box, on the desk |
| 方向 | to到, from从, into进入, out of出去, across横穿, along沿着 | go to school, walk along the street |
| 固定搭配 | look at, listen to, be good at, wait for, play with, be afraid of | — |
9. 形容词和副词
- 形容词修饰名词或放在系动词后：a beautiful flower; The flower is beautiful.
- 副词修饰动词：run quickly, sing well
- 比较级：taller, more beautiful
- 最高级：the tallest, the most beautiful
- 不规则：good/well→better→best; bad→worse→worst; many/much→more→most
10. 情态动词
can能/会，may可以/可能，must必须，should应该，后接动词原形。
- 否定：can't, mustn't, shouldn't
- Must I go? — No, you needn't.
易错：mustn't 是"不许"；needn't 是"不必"。
11. 常见英文缩写
| 缩写 | 原形 | 缩写 | 原形 |
|---|---|---|---|
| it's | it is | won't | will not |
| I'm | I am | isn't | is not |
| we'll | we will | I'll | I will |
| aren't | are not | he's | he is |
| she's | she is | weren't | were not |
| couldn't | could not | can't | can not |
| you're | you are | don't | do not |
| doesn't | does not | they're | they are |
| who's | who is | when's | when is |
| what's | what is | wasn't | was not |
| that's | that is | there's | there is |
| we're | we are | didn't | did not |
三、句法篇
12. 8大句子成分
| 成分 | 作用 |
|---|---|
| 主语 | 句子主角，动作的发出者 |
| 谓语 | 说明主语"干什么"或"怎么样" |
| 宾语 | 动作的对象 |
| 表语 | 说明主语"是什么"或"怎么样"（跟在系动词后） |
| 定语 | 修饰名词或代词 |
| 状语 | 说明动作何时何地如何发生 |
| 同位语 | 对名词/代词补充说明 |
13. 5种基本句型
- S+V：主谓（Birds fly.）
- S+V+O：主谓宾（I like apples.）
- S+V+P：主系表（She is happy.）
- S+V+O+O：主谓双宾（He gave me a book.）
- S+V+O+C：主谓宾补（We made him monitor.）
14. 16种英语时态
小学重点掌握前9种，其余先认识结构即可。
| 时态 | 结构 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 1. 一般现在时 | do/does | I study every day.（经常、习惯、客观事实） |
| 2. 一般过去时 | did | I studied yesterday.（过去发生的动作） |
| 3. 一般将来时 | will do | I will study tomorrow.（将来发生的动作） |
| 4. 现在进行时 | am/is/are doing | I am studying now.（现在正在进行） |
| 5. 过去进行时 | was/were doing | I was studying at eight.（过去某时正在进行） |
| 6. 将来进行时 | will be doing | I will be studying at eight.（将来某时正在进行） |
| 7. 过去将来时 | would do | He said he would study.（过去看将来） |
| 8. 现在完成时 | have/has done | I have finished my work.（过去动作影响现在） |
| 9. 过去完成时 | had done | I had finished before he came.（过去的过去） |
| 10. 将来完成时 | will have done | I will have finished by Friday.（将来某时前完成） |
| 11. 现在完成进行时 | have/has been doing | I have been studying for two hours.（从过去持续到现在） |
| 12. 过去完成进行时 | had been doing | I had been studying for two hours.（过去某时前一直持续） |
| 13. 将来完成进行时 | will have been doing | I will have been studying for two hours.（到将来某时一直持续） |
| 14. 过去将来进行时 | would be doing | He said he would be studying.（过去看将来某时正在进行） |
| 15. 过去将来完成时 | would have done | He said he would have finished.（过去看将来某时前完成） |
| 16. 过去将来完成进行时 | would have been doing | He said he would have been studying.（过去看将来一直持续） |
15. 时态标志词（判断时态的线索）
| 时态 | 常见标志词 |
|---|---|
| 一般过去时 | yesterday, ago, last time, last night, last year, last term, just now, once, the day before yesterday |
| 一般将来时 | tomorrow, soon, next time, next Friday, next month, at once, by the end of + 将来时间, the day after tomorrow |
| 一般现在时 | always, usually, often, sometimes, every day, every time, in the morning, once a week, never, at night, twice a month |
| 现在进行时 | now, at this moment, listen, look, at present |
| 现在完成时 | already, yet, just, so far, never, ever, before, for + 一段时间, since + 过去时间, up to now |
| 过去完成时 | by + 过去时间点, by the time, by then, before + 过去时间点, up until + 过去时间点 |
16. There be 句型
- There is + 单数/不可数；There are + 复数；过去式用 was/were
- 就近原则：There is a book and two pens on the desk.
易错：There be 表示"某地有"；have/has 表示"某人有"。
17. 特殊句式
- 一般疑问句：Do you like apples? Can he swim?
- 特殊疑问句：疑问词 + 一般疑问句？Where do you live?
- 祈使句：Open the door. / Don't run.
- 感叹句：What a nice day! / How beautiful the flower is!
18. 主谓一致
- I/you/we/they + 动词原形；he/she/it + 动词第三人称单数
- Tom plays football. They play football.
- 第三人称单数：一般加-s；s/x/ch/sh/o结尾加-es；辅音+y变ies
19. 被动语态基础
- 结构：be + 过去分词
- 一般现在时：am/is/are + done
- 一般过去时：was/were + done
- 例子：English is spoken in many countries. / The window was cleaned yesterday.
20. 非谓语动词基础
- to do：want/need/hope to do。I want to read.
- doing：like/enjoy/finish doing。She enjoys singing.
- do：let/make/help sb. do；情态动词后用动词原形
- 固定搭配：be good at doing; It's time to do sth.
21. 连词与基础从句
- and并且, but但是, or或者, because因为, so所以
- I stayed at home because it rained.
- Hurry up, or you will be late.
- if引导条件句：If it is sunny tomorrow, we will go to the park.
写在最后
小学英语语法看着多，其实就这些核心点。不用一次背完，每天看一块，7天过一遍，慢慢就熟了。
语法不是死记硬背的，要结合句子和阅读去理解。平时多背句子、多读短文，语法点自然就记住了。
收藏这篇，孩子哪块语法不会了，翻出来对照着看就行。
